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O v e r v i e w o f M e d i a I n t e r v e n t i o n s i n To b a c c o C o n t r o l 1971 event that Arthur P medications zyprexa discount cabgolin 0.5mg on-line. Mullaney asked people to give up smoking for one day and donate the money they would have spent on tobacco to a high school scholarship fund 911 treatment order cabgolin 0.5 mg on-line. After statewide smokeout days proved successful in Minnesota (1974) and California (1976) medications quetiapine fumarate proven 0.5 mg cabgolin, the event became national in 1977 symptoms after conception cabgolin 0.5mg mastercard. Population survey results show that the number of respondents participating in the event (trying either to quit or to reduce smoking) increased from 18% the previous year to 26%. Also, sales of over-the-counter nicotine medications increased 11% between a four-week baseline period and the four-week promotion period surrounding the event. However, the objective remains constant: help smokers who already have decided to quit to reach their goal. In 1999, the Coalition for World No Tobacco Day reported, "30 percent of tobacco users who were aware of World No Tobacco Day tried to reduce their habit, including 9 percent who tried to quit smoking. Stop-smoking contests offer a similar support structure along with additional incentives, such as cash prizes or free travel packages. They were pioneered in the United States in the 1980s and later were incorporated into broader cardiovascular health programs, such as the Minnesota Heart Health Program and the North Karelia Project in Finland. It blossomed into a national contest in 1986, and Estonia joined in for a second Monograph 19. Organizers expected up to 1 million tobacco users from 100 countries to participate in the 2004 contest. Participants attempt to quit smoking (and/or quit using other forms of tobacco) for four weeks (May 2 to May 29) leading up to World No Tobacco Day. Another form of media activism is demonstrating against a live event sponsored by tobacco companies or tobacco products. One bus-bench advertisement welcomed passersby to the taste of "country fresh arsenic. Many of these activities can be considered a form of media literacy, which is discussed in chapter 10. This group was a pioneer in developing counteradvertisements that parody tobacco industry advertising and its products, images, brand names, and corporate messages. The poster showed a skeletal cowboy riding through a graveyard beneath the heading, "Come to where the Cancer is," as a parody of a well-known Marlboro advertisement ("Come to Where the Flavor Is"). Gannett Transit initially rejected the advertisement on the grounds that the line drawing style used in the "Come to where the Cancer is" poster was "graffiti prone. Reynolds test-marketed the Dakota cigarette brand, aimed at young blue-collar women. The sixth and seventh advertisements in the series criticized the movie In the Bedroom and its lead actress, Sissy Spacek, for "gratuitously promoting Marlboro brand cigarettes on screen and in dialogue. One study assessed the comparative effect on smoking-related attitudes of a workshop for junior high school students involving discussion and analysis of cigarette and antitobacco ads and a production workshop in which students discussed, analyzed, and then created their own antitobacco advertisements. Results showed overall support for the production workshop in eliciting more attention and positive perceptions of antitobacco messages as well as a reduction in positive attitudes about smoking, compared with the analysis workshop. Chapter 12 provides more details about the impact of this style of advertising, as used in formal televised antitobacco advertising for some state tobacco control programs and Legacy. Televised Antitobacco Advertisements Broadcast antitobacco campaigns have been a central component of many government- and foundation-sponsored tobacco control efforts. Public-Health-Sponsored Campaigns Campaigns sponsored by public health agencies have varied in their target 445 1 1. O v e r v i e w o f M e d i a I n t e r v e n t i o n s i n To b a c c o C o n t r o l audiences as well as their predominant themes and messages. The campaign, which began in 1997, presented these negative outcomes as certain, as opposed to probable, consequences of smoking. Six of the seven advertisements produced since 1997 graphically portray health damage to evoke a strong visceral response of disgust in the viewer. Two advertisements depicting smoking as causing incremental damage leading to blindness in one case and chronic lung disease in another were added in the fourth year of the campaign. Call showed a smoker picking up a telephone, calling a quitline, and a counselor responding to the call. California-Changing Social Norms about Smoking the California Tobacco Control Program, funded in 1989 by Proposition 99, was the first ongoing, comprehensive statewide tobacco control program in the United States.
At the same time medications zovirax generic cabgolin 0.5 mg amex, the media have an equally powerful role in influencing individuals and policymakers and have made critical contributions to the cause of tobacco control medications used to treat depression purchase 0.5 mg cabgolin free shipping. Despite these successes medications journal generic 0.5 mg cabgolin with visa, tobacco use still accounts for nearly one-third of cancer deaths worldwide medications given during labor best buy cabgolin. This introductory chapter provides a framework for understanding the relationship between tobacco and the media, methodological issues in researching mediarelated issues in tobacco, and an overview and summary of the specific areas addressed in this monograph. Subsequent sections present the conclusions of individual chapters, followed by the major conclusions of the volume, as an executive summary of its overall findings. Tobacco and the Media: A Multilevel Perspective A complete and comprehensive understanding of the role of mass communications in tobacco control and tobacco promotion requires a multilevel approach. At the individual level, one must examine how individual-level factors such as knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes influence and are influenced by tobaccorelated media messages and the channels in which the messages occur. At the organizational level, attention needs to be focused on (1) how the structure of mass media organizations and the practices of media practitioners lead to the production of media messages in the form of advertising, news, and entertainment; (2) how advocates for both the tobacco industry and tobacco 5 1. Overview and Conclusions control attempt to influence the news and entertainment media; and (3) the role of regulation and public policy in influencing tobacco communications. Finally, at the population level, it is important to consider the larger cultural environment that is shaped by the interplay of the tobacco industry, mass media, tobacco control researchers, advocates, and policymakers. The media also function at several levels, and the levels at which stakeholders on both sides of tobacco issues interact with media can be seen as a nested relationship, as shown in figure 1. Each level from 1 through 4 represents a broader and more indirect level of marketing effort, and at the same time, a more powerful one. For example, although the ultimate impact of media efforts may be felt most clearly by direct consumer response to advertising or marketing communications, interventions at the stakeholder level often have broad-reaching effects on promotional efforts, social attitudes toward an issue or product, or even policies and regulation. This monograph attempts to examine the dynamics of tobacco-related media interventions at each of these levels, within a systemic framework. The relationships among these levels and stakeholders on either side of the tobacco Figure 1. The Role of the Media debate, and their relationships with chapters in this monograph, can be seen as follows: Advertising. Chapter 4 provides an overview of tobacco advertising and promotional efforts throughout modern history, while chapters 3 and 8 examine the rationales for and legal issues faced in regulating such efforts. Chapter 11 provides a detailed look at the strategies and themes of media efforts used by tobacco control advocates. Finally, chapter 14 explores how the tobacco industry uses media advertising and promotion to defeat state tobacco control referenda and ballot initiatives. Tobacco advertising forms part of an integrated marketing communications strategy combining sponsorship, brand merchandising, brand stretching, packaging, point-of-sale promotions, and product placement, across a broad range of channels ranging from event marketing to the Internet. Consumer-product marketing efforts, including pricing, distribution, packaging, and product design, are aimed at the development of tobacco product brand identities that often are targeted toward specific demographic, psychographic, or ethnic markets. An even more important issue is the effectiveness of such media efforts on targeted consumers. Chapters 7 and 12 review the impact of media interventions by tobacco industry and tobacco control advocates, respectively, on smoking behavior, while chapters 9 and 10 explore the role of the news and entertainment media in influencing tobacco use among consumers. Image- and relationship-building initiatives aimed at stakeholders, such as retailers, the hospitality industry, and policymakers, range from personal outreach to mass media organizations and public relations efforts around broad themes such as corporate social responsibility, youth smoking prevention, and providing information on health risks. These integrated levels of marketing and promotion pose a challenge to the goals of tobacco control and public health and underscore the need to further examine appropriate policy interventions to address the role of media efforts by the tobacco industry. Moreover, as direct advertising channels have become increasingly restricted by policy interventions on both the domestic and global levels, promotional expenditures for tobacco continue to 7 1. Overview and Conclusions increase in areas such as point-of-purchase displays, promotional allowances, and viral, or "stealth," marketing. Establishing causality is even more challenging in the case of mass communications, given their ubiquity, the complex nature of communication effects, and the limitations of research designs. In epidemiology, some consider the randomized clinical trial as a gold standard that can clearly establish the difference in "exposures" between control and treatment groups.
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Sales peaked at about 15% in 1981 and declined slightly thereafter to 10% in 1990 medicine for vertigo cheap cabgolin 0.5mg on-line. For both brand types medicine xalatan order 0.5mg cabgolin with visa, marked increases in health-theme advertising were followed by increases in sales medications reactions purchase cabgolin pills in toronto. It appeared treatment 32 for bad breath 0.5mg cabgolin with mastercard, however, that once the brand extensions were established, further such advertising was not necessary to retain brand share, but advertising was needed for the exclusively low-tar brands. Further information on advertising for lowtar cigarettes appears in chapters 4 and 5. Adolescents perceive that smoking will contribute to popularity and that advertising conveys this message. In addition, tobacco company documents show that marketing for cigarette brands popular with youth associates smoking those brands with popularity. Many adolescents perceive that smoking will confer attributes associated with success with the opposite sex-toughness in the case of boys and slenderness in the case of girls. Girls are more likely to smoke if they think it will help them be thin and attractive. Tobacco company documents show that several of the most youth-popular brands have been consistently and effectively associated with an image of rugged masculinity and sex appeal. Many adolescents have a need to be rebellious and see smokers as having this characteristic. Cigarette marketing frequently associates smoking with themes of fun and excitement. Many adolescents feel that cigarette advertising conveys that smokers will derive pleasure from smoking. Nevertheless, a body of experimental evidence exists about the effect of brief exposure to cigarette marketing on images of smokers, perceptions about the prevalence of smoking among adolescents, and intentions to smoke. Adolescent Psychological Needs One type of evidence involves adolescent psychological needs. The Role of the Media advertising are particularly vulnerable to initiating smoking. Numerous tobacco company documents indicate that cigarette marketing often conveys that smoking youth-popular brands will help a person to relax or better cope with stress. Cigarette Marketing and Image Enhancement Because of the importance of popularity and peer acceptance in adolescence, most teenagers have a strong need for a positive self-image. The perception that smoking will reinforce a desired self-image motivates those adolescents to smoke. Both correlational and experimental studies show that exposure to cigarette marketing influences adolescents to have a more favorable image of smokers, to perceive that smoking among adolescents is more prevalent, and to have more positive intentions to smoke. The experimental studies provide particularly strong evidence of the influence of marketing. They control for other possible influences on smoking and rule out the possibility that there is a relationship between smoking and exposure to advertising simply because both are due to some third variable, such as innate curiosity about smoking. In the overwhelming majority of studies, exposure to cigarette marketing was associated with smoking behavior. Tobacco companies have repeatedly asserted that peer and family influences-not their marketing practices-influence adolescents to smoke. However, many of these crosssectional and longitudinal studies of the influence of marketing exposure measured and analyzed social influences along with tobacco marketing exposure. They generally found that marketing practices influence adolescent smoking even after controlling for peer and parental influences. Indeed, a number of the studies that used advertising and influence of peers and parents to predict later smoking or intent to smoke found that advertising exposure is a stronger predictor than peer or parental smoking. For example, tobacco companies design marketing to influence the perception that popular people smoke specific brands. Because of exposure to these advertisements, some adolescent peer groups may view smoking as the "in" thing. Theses groups are then more likely to approve and 279 Exposure to Cigarette Marketing and Smoking Susceptibility and Behavior this chapter reviewed a large number of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies dealing with the relationship between various measures of exposure to cigarette marketing and several different measures of susceptibility to smoking and actual smoking. The longitudinal studies provide strong evidence of such an effect, since exposure to tobacco marketing occurs 7.
After 24 hours large cracks developed through the plaster to the mud brick on the unprotected side and the design layers and plasters detached and failed [ symptoms electrolyte imbalance cabgolin 0.5 mg otc. After 48 hours the protective quilts were removed revealing a completely intact and damp surface symptoms 7 days pregnant buy cabgolin 0.5mg. Core samples taken from the base medications proven cabgolin 0.5 mg, middle and top of the unprotected and protected sides after 54 hours showed great differences in moisture content symptoms 2 year molars order generic cabgolin online, the protected side averaging 33. Qualitative analysis of the failed plasters tested positive for sulphates indicating that the salt introduced into the bricks had indeed been mobilized by the water injections. Site Application Based on the preliminary results of the above testing programme, an experimental reburial system was installed over the walls and fragile features (such as the earthen storage bins) of Building 5-North Area between the 1998 and 1999 field seasons after excavation and until a permanent protective display shelter could be designed and erected. Installation was performed by the archaeologists and labourers under the direction of the conservation team. Because of time restrictions at the end of the season, temporary reburial was executed as both a contained. These walls also provided temporary buttressing where mud brick walls were leaning. All walls and floors were covered with water repellent and vapour-permeable woven acrylic fabric for rain and snow protection, given the harsh winter conditions. Because Building 5 was entirely below ground level, being enclosed by surrounding unexcavated structures, rain and snow melt were directed to the centre of each room for containment and evaporation. After one year (between excavation seasons), the temporary reburial system was easily removed and the walls and plasters were found to be in good condition with no additional loss and cracking or detachment of the plasters and mud brick. Previous (1998) injection grouting of the plasters and vertical through-wall cracks 404 Reading 42 matero and moss required some retreatment as the cracks had reopened from the continued gradual shrinking of the earthen walls over the year. During the 1999 final site conservation programme involving surface cleaning and fills, the walls were temporarily covered with loose polyethylene film for weather protection until the canvas and frame shelter and viewing bridge were completed. Today, after four years of exposure, the walls and plasters appear to be in a stable condition, based on yearly visual inspection. Conclusions By destabilizing the burial environment through excavation, the archaeological process is, by its very nature, destructive. A primary role of the archaeological conservator is therefore to minimize the damage that can occur during excavation as an integrated component of the archaeological project. The resultant cracking, flaking and detachment is further compromised by discontinuities resulting from salt formation, root intrusion, animal burrowing and structural deformation and displacement. Immediate, non-invasive temporary protection as a form of preventive conservation should be implemented as the first step in any comprehensive conservation programme. However, while deterioration is a natural and an often-unavoidable process, it can be mitigated and monitored through advance planning. The use of perlite and vermiculite for reburial offers a lightweight, absorptive, permeable medium, which when applied loose or contained, preferably as fabric quilts, can provide effective temporary protection for fragile surfaces such as wall paintings and sculpture. Further research is needed to explore other performance aspects of these materials including salt removal and retention and the practicalities of site installation and re-use in order to explore their wider application as a safe and affordable temporary protection system. References k 1 the best published descriptions of the site and its architectural features can be found in Mellaart, J. Method statement for archaeologically excavating, documenting, and analyzing buried soil walls. In: Terra 2000, 8th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture. The conservation of earthen archaeological heritage: an assessment of recent trends. This was implemented in conjunction with an environmental monitoring programme to measure the effects of the installed system on wall and ambient temperature and humidity, and wall moisture content over one year. Bednarik the Removal of Rock Art (2007) Conservation in situ of significant elements of sites (as opposed to conservation by removal) is increasingly accepted as best practice-but is an ideal that is not always achieved.
A Conference of States Parties shall be convened by the provisional Secretariat medications kidney stones discount 0.5 mg cabgolin with visa, established under Article 18 symptoms schizophrenia purchase cabgolin with mastercard, no later than one year following the entry into force of this Treaty and thereafter at such other times as may be decided by the Conference of States Parties medicine for the people discount cabgolin 0.5 mg with mastercard. The Conference of States Parties shall adopt by consensus its rules of procedure at its first session treatment zone tonbridge order cheapest cabgolin and cabgolin. The Conference of States Parties shall adopt financial rules for itself as well as governing the funding of any subsidiary bodies it may establish as well as financial provisions governing the functioning of the Secretariat. At each ordinary session, it shall adopt a budget for the financial period until the next ordinary session. The Conference of States Parties shall: (a) Review the implementation of this Treaty, including developments in the field of conventional arms; (b) Consider and adopt recommendations regarding the implementation and operation of this Treaty, in particular the promotion of its universality; (c) (e) Consider amendments to this Treaty in accordance with Article 20; Consider and decide the tasks and budget of the Secretariat; (d) Consider issues arising from the interpretation of this Treaty; (f) Consider the establishment of any subsidiary bodies as may be necessary to improve the functioning of this Treaty; and (g) Perform any other function consistent with this Treaty. Extraordinary meetings of the Conference of States Parties shall be held at such other times as may be deemed necessary by the Conference of States Parties, or at the written request of any State Party provided that this request is supported by at least two-thirds of the States Parties. This Treaty hereby establishes a Secretariat to assist States Parties in the effective implementation of this Treaty. Pending the first meeting of the Conference of States Parties, a provisional Secretariat will be responsible for the administrative functions covered under this Treaty. Staff shall have the necessary expertise to ensure that the Secretariat can effectively undertake the responsibilities described in paragraph 3. Within a minimized structure, the Secretariat shall undertake the following responsibilities: (a) Receive, make available and distribute the reports as mandated by this Treaty; (b) Maintain and make available to States Parties the list of national points of contact; (c) Facilitate the matching of offers of and requests for assistance for Treaty implementation and promote international cooperation as requested; (d) Facilitate the work of the Conference of States Parties, including making arrangements and providing the necessary services for meetings under this Treaty; and (e) Perform other duties as decided by the Conferences of States Parties. States Parties shall consult and, by mutual consent, cooperate to pursue settlement of any dispute that may arise between them with regard to the interpretation or application of this Treaty including through negotiations, mediation, conciliation, judicial settlement or other peaceful means. States Parties may pursue, by mutual consent, arbitration to settle any dispute between them, regarding issues concerning the interpretation or application of this Treaty. Six years after the entry into force of this Treaty, any State Party may propose an amendment to this Treaty. Thereafter, proposed amendments may only be considered by the Conference of States Parties every three years. Any proposal to amend this Treaty shall be submitted in writing to the Secretariat, which shall circulate the proposal to all States Parties, not less than 180 days before the next meeting of the Conference of States Parties at which amendments may be considered pursuant to paragraph 1. The amendment shall be considered at the next Conference of States Parties at which amendments may be considered pursuant to paragraph 1 if, no later than 120 days after its circulation by the Secretariat, a majority of States Parties notify the Secretariat that they support consideration of the proposal. The States Parties shall make every effort to achieve consensus on each amendment. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no agreement reached, the amendment shall, as a last resort, be adopted by a three-quarters majority vote of the States Parties present and voting at the meeting of the Conference of States Parties. For the purposes of this Article, States Parties present and voting means States Parties present and casting an affirmative or negative vote. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 3 shall enter into force for each State Party that has deposited its instrument of acceptance for that amendment, ninety days following the date of deposit with the Depositary of the instruments of acceptance by a majority of the number of States Parties at the time of the adoption of the amendment. Thereafter, it shall enter into force for any remaining State Party ninety days following the date of deposit of its instrument of acceptance for that amendment. This Treaty shall be open for signature at the United Nations Headquarters in New York by all States from 3 June 2013 until its entry into force. This Treaty is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by each signatory State. Following its entry into force, this Treaty shall be open for accession by any State that has not signed the Treaty. This Treaty shall enter into force ninety days following the date of the deposit of the fiftieth instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval with the Depositary. For any State that deposits its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession subsequent to the entry into force of this Treaty, this Treaty shall enter into force for that State ninety days following the date of deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. Provisional application Any State may at the time of signature or the deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, declare that it will apply provisionally Article 6 and Article 7 pending the entry into force of this Treaty for that State. Each State Party shall, in exercising its national sovereignty, have the right to withdraw from this Treaty.
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