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American courts have extended comity to divorces by get or talaq in foreign countries anxiety symptoms children purchase 25 mg doxepin visa, but only when certain procedural requirements are satisfied 0503 anxiety and mood disorders quiz 25mg doxepin with mastercard. The case law suggests that the most important of these are that the court have jurisdiction based on the domicile of at least one of the parties In an era of unilateral no-fault divorce anxiety symptoms menopause doxepin 75 mg generic, the more important questions concern substantive and procedural fairness anxiety heart palpitations doxepin 25mg otc, particularly when a unilateral foreign divorce might deprive a spouse or children of the various protections extended by U. This issue is particularly sharp when foreign laws discriminate on the basis of gender, or deny remedies such as spousal support or property division that would be available in proceedings here. The more serious concern today lies with the fiancial incidents of divorce and issues of custody and child support. Courts sometimes give effect to a foreign divorce but allow a spouse to raise these issues in the new forum. Hosain, like many other difficult international custody cases, involved a mother who fled to the U. The court described hazanit as a system of "complex Islamic rules of maternal and paternal preference depending on the age and sex of the child. A dissenting opinion disagreed that the Pakistani order was in fact based on a best interests analysis; See id. Article 16 requires that States Parties ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women: (a) the same right to enter into marriage; (b) the same right to freely choose a spouse and to enter into marriage only with their free and full consent; (c) the same rights and responsibilities during marriage and at its dissolution; (d) the same rights and responsibilities as parents, irrespective of their marital status, in matters relating to their children. In all cases, the interests of the children shall be paramount; (e) the same rights to decide freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of their children, and to have access to the information, education, and means to enable them to exercise these rights; (f) the same rights and responsibilities with regard to guardianship, wardship, trusteeship and adoption of children, or similar institutions where these concepts exist in national legislation. In all cases the interests of the children shall be paramount; (g) the same personal rights as husband and wife, including the right to choose a family name, a profession and an occupation; (h) the same rights for both spouses in respect of the ownership, acquisition,management, administration, enjoyment and disposition of property, whether free of charge or for a valuable consideration. Litigation in Pakistan was complicated for the mother by the facts that she began living with another man shortly after leaving her husband, and that she appeared in the Pakistani proceeding only through counsel. Hosain argued that she would have been considered an apostate the argument can be made that requiring mothers and children to litigate custody under such laws would violate fundamental principles of human rights. This is uncharted territory, however, with few landmarks to assist courts in setting a course. There is the policy of supporting and validating marriages in a wide range of cultural contexts, subject to the requirement that the spouses give their free consent to the marriage. There is the policy of extending recognition to foreign divorce or custody decrees, subject to norms of procedural fairness. The cases also suggest the importance of additional constraints on the process of accommodation, arising from norms of gender equality and from the protective policies embedded in our family law, such as the commitment to furthering the best interests of a child. Religion and Neutral Principles 1 Principles of religious law, important to marriage and divorce practices in Judaism and Islam, create serious complications in some secular divorce disputes. Courts and legislatures have made attempts to accommodate these practices, but the tangle of religious and legal principles has been difficult to resolve. In this context, the principal dilemma for courts is not how to understand and apply foreign law, but whether and to what extent these disputes can be addressed within the secular jurisdiction of state courts. First Amendment Issues With its 1879 decision in Reynolds, the Supreme Court concluded that the First Amendment protection for free exercise of religion extended to and disqualified for custody on that basis, id. Her husband returned to Egypt, secured an exparte divorce, filed for a "declaratory judgment of permanent custody," and had his wife prosecuted and convicted for removing the child from Egypt without his permission. Under the circumstances, the court in Amin declined to defer to the jurisdiction of the Egyptian courts. In addition to fulfilling your obligations to the court in making recommendations about the best interest of the child, research has shown that you may have a unique opportunity to assist a child and family in crisis by referring them to needed resources. This is particularly true for low-income and working poor families that may be struggling to keep their family afloat. When working with low-income and working poor families, we urge you to consider that access to government benefits may be the difference between having a home and being homeless, whether a parent can care for a disabled or special needs child or whether a single parent can have access to day care so that he can return to work. We recommend that you download and print this "check-list" and keep it at the front of every file to assist you in conducting a comprehensive investigation that produces a thorough report for the court and may connect poor families to much needed social Guardian Ad Litem Best Practices Manual Page 2 of 2 services. Children you represent may not have a level of comfort that you would expect for your own child, but this may have little to do with the quality of parenting or best interests of the child. Be careful not to impose your own standards when evaluating the needs of the child.

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In the case of a Markov network the guaranteed approximation improvement is equivalent to a guaranteed increase (strictly speaking a non-decrease) in the lower bound on the partition function anxiety symptoms like heart attack order 10mg doxepin mastercard. For j=i q(xj) some models of interest this is still not possible and additional approximations are required anxiety symptoms peeing order 75 mg doxepin overnight delivery. Consider the posterior distribution from a Relevance Vector Machine classification problem anxiety symptoms postpartum order doxepin canada, section(18 anxiety symptoms treatment and prevention purchase doxepin 25 mg on line. This approach was used in [22] to approximate the posterior distribution of Bayesian Neural Networks. Those for which averages of the variables can be computed in linear time include spanning trees, fig(28. For example, for the distribution p(x1, x2, x3, x4) = 1 (x1, x2)(x2, x3)(x3, x4)(x4, x1)(x1, x3) Z (28. However, the computational expense increases exponentially with the hypertree width[294]. A fundamental goal is to maximise information transfer, measured by the (see also definition(87)) I(X, Y) H(X) - H(X Y) where the and are defined H(X) - log p(x) p(x), (28. In this case H(X) is constant and the optimisation problem is equivalent to minimising the conditional entropy H(X Y). Unfortunately, in many cases of practical interest H(X Y) is computationally intractable. Consider a neural transmission system in which xi {0, 1} denotes an emitting neuron in a non-firing state (0) or firing state (1), and yj {0, 1} a receiving neuron. If each receiving neuron fires independently, depending only on the emitting neurons, we have p(y x) = i p(yi x) (28. For a fixed distribution p(x) = i p(xi) and parameterised distributions p(yj x) = wi x, find the optimal parameters wi that maximise the mutual information between the variables x and y. Such considerations are popular in theoretical neuroscience and aim to understand how the receptive fields wi of a neuron relate to the statistics of the environment p(x). This defines a complex high-dimensional p(x, y) for which the conditional entropy is typically intractable. In this case the marginal p(d) depends on messages transmitted via the neighbours of d. By defining local messages on the links of the graph, a recursive algorithm for computing all marginals can be derived, see text. Given a distribution p(x) and a parameterised distribution p(y x,), we seek to max~ imise I(X, Y) with respect to . The Blahut-Arimoto algorithm in information theory (see for example [184]) is a special case in which the optimal decoder is used. In general, this cannot be guaranteed; however, when the method converges, the results can be surprisingly accurate. Once a node has received incoming messages from all neighbours (excluding the one it wants to send a message to), it may send an outgoing message to a neighbour: xi xj (xj) = xi x3 28. Consider calculating the marginal p(d) = a,b,c,e,f p(a, b, c, d, e, f) for the pairwise Markov network in fig(28. We denote both a node and its state by the same symbol, so that b (d, b) denotes summation over the states of the variable b. In order to compute the summation efficiently, we distribute summations as follows: p(d) = 1 Z (b, d) b bd (d) a ad (d) where we define messages n1 n2 (n2) sending information from node n1 to node n2 as a function of the state of node n2. In general, a node xi passes a message to node xj via xi xj (xj) = xi this algorithm is equivalent to the sum-product algorithm provided the graph is singly-connected. This suggests that these marginals should form the natural parameters of any approximation. Can we then find an expression for the entropy - log q(x) q(x) in terms of these pairwise marginals Either by appealing to the junction tree representation, or by straightforward algebra, one can show that we can uniquely express q in terms of the marginals as q(x) = q(x1, x2)q(x2, x3)q(x3, x4) q(x2)q(x3) (28. The variable x2 appears twice, as does the variable x3 and, since any joint distribution cannot have replicated variables on the left of any conditioning, we must compensate for the additional x2 and x3 variables by dividing by these marginals.

Some long-lasting examples include BiFriendly in San Francisco anxiety order doxepin overnight delivery, Biversity in Boston anxiety tattoos discount doxepin 10mg line, and the many bi brunches and munches that spring up and die down and spring up again in communities across the country anxiety symptoms all the time buy doxepin with a visa. Then again anxiety symptoms for xanax buy doxepin 25 mg lowest price, leisure is all the more necessary and life-giving to people in crisis and under stress. Pryor, Dual Attraction: Understanding Bisexuality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 205. These safer sex protocols were most efficiently, effectively, and popularly taught at public baths, at leather bars and sex parties, and at workshops during conferences where explicit demonstrations and conversations could be had without fear of condemnation or retribution. They currently have four locations in Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and Miami Beach, Florida, see "About," Care Resource website. In New England, long-time bisexual activist and author Wayne Bryant founded Bi Camp, a popular summertime leisure activity that ran from 1994-2009. It inspired a video Bryant made, and a sing-along, multi-versed song by Philadelphian Moss Stern, called "Bi Camp. The Center for Sex and Culture is located at 1349 Mission Street, San Francisco, California. They strive to promote creativity, information, and healthy sexual knowledge, see "Mission and Vision," Center for Sex and Culture website. He served on the board of the Bisexual Resource Center, 29 Stanhope Street, Boston, Massachusetts and was an organizer of the Fifth International Conference on Bisexuality that drew nine hundred attendees to Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts from April 3-5, 1998. Holding the banner are long-time bisexual activists and leaders Estraven (L) and Matt LeGrant (R). Bill Beasley, a bisexual man who was also involved in the black civil rights movement, helped lead the first Los Angeles Pride parade down Hollywood Boulevard in 1970, and went on to serve on the board of San Francisco Pride, as well as being active with the Bay Area Bisexual Network. Jones (now Jones-Hennin), an African American activist and author, served as operations coordinator for the first National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay rights on October 14, 1979. Audre Lorde, who was just beginning to come out as a lesbian poet and leader, spoke at that conference, as did many others. This delegation was organized because an all-white gay delegation had arranged a meeting with the White House a year earlier. Thirty-three years later, on a cool 2013 September morning, Jones and many other bisexual activists and leaders returned to the White House to talk with administration officials about bisexual policy issues for the first time. One of the earliest recorded meetings on bisexuality took place at a gathering of Quakers (Friends) in upstate New York in the early 1970s. Bisexual activist Stephen Donaldson-the same the San Francisco Bisexual Center was located on Hayes Street just north of the Golden Gate Park panhandle, in the bottom flat of a two-flat building that is now a residence. The San Francisco Bisexual Center was founded by Maggi Rubenstein and Harriet Levi. Before it closed in 1984, it provided a newsletter, support groups, counseling, social activities, a presence in Pride marches, and was internationally renowned. In 1981, Howard University purchased the Harambee House Hotel from the federal Economic Development Administration. Profitable in the 1980s, Howard University operated the hotel until 1995, when they closed it after continued financial losses. See Amy Andre, "Obama Administration Invites Bisexual Leaders to the White House," Huffpost Queer Voices, August 27, 2013. Fritz Klein, has helped perhaps more than anyone else to facilitate bisexual networking and conferences. He also traveled widely, especially in the 1980s and 1990s, connecting bisexual communities around the world with each other, and helping to start international bisexual conferences in London, Amsterdam, Toronto, and Vancouver. Klein himself was bicoastal, living for a long time in New York City and then moving to San Diego. He started the first peerreviewed scholarly journal on bisexuality, the Journal of Bisexuality. Klein founded the American Institute of Bisexuality in 1998 to encourage research and education about bisexuality. The Friends General Conference took place in June 1972 at Ithaca College, 953 Danby Road, Ithaca, New York. His book, the Bisexual Option, was one of the first studies that did not pathologize bisexuality, and that gave the identity legitimacy. Klein lived with his partner, Tom Reise, in the Emerald Hills neighborhood of San Diego, California from 1995 until his death in 2006.

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Please mention your title and where you work anxiety psychiatrist order generic doxepin line, as well as the nature of your experience in receiving services from this health clinic program anxiety when trying to sleep order cheap doxepin on-line, including why you went there anxiety guru safe 75 mg doxepin. On perceptions: Critics of the free health clinic program argue that they provide low-quality care anxiety symptoms breathlessness order doxepin online from canada. On governance: Recent surveys suggest that the current budgets to districts do not reach local clinics. What is your assessment of these problems based on your experience receiving services from the clinics Participants may not be representative of the population, possibly biasing the data. Tool 6: Diaries and Self-Reported Checklists Another method of collecting data is to use diaries or self-reported checklists. Diaries or journals A diary (or journal) is a written self-report by a participant, usually maintained daily. They can be used to study such phenomena as social networks; health, illness, and associated behavior; diet and nutrition; farm work; study habits; contraception use; and child-rearing practices. In addition to capturing the activities of interest over a particular timeframe, diaries may include some characterizations of the activities. For example, smokers enrolled in a smoking cessation program might be asked to use diaries to record when they get a strong urge to smoke, where they were, and what they were doing at that time. If the end of a meal is a trigger for, they can break the pattern by quickly getting up from the table after eating. Diaries have been used on a broad national scale as well as in smaller programs (Stafford 2006). Keeping a diary generally requires literacy and the willingness to take the time to maintain the diary. In some cases, however, diaries can use a checklist format to decrease needs for literacy. For example, a pictorial diary has been used to collect data on household Diary: Written self-report by a participant, usually maintained daily 340 the Road to Results: Designing and Conducting Effective Development Evaluations Table 8. Recruit people face-to-face Provide booklet to each participant Begin with clear instructions on how to fill in diary. On last page, ask whether this was a typical or atypical time period and for any comments or clarifications. In general, at least one week is needed to get large enough a sample of behaviors and more than one month is too long. After that, the keeping of the diary becomes tedious, and record-keeping declines. Typically, participants are given booklets that provide a clear set of instructions as well as an example of a completed diary entry. The last page of the booklet asks whether the diary covers a typical or atypical period. It also provides an opportunity for participants to share any comments not included in the daily entries. Self-reported checklist A self-reported checklist is a cross between a questionnaire and a diary. Participants are asked to keep track of a specific set of activities or events, which are listed, so that the respondents can easily check them off. Checklists can be completed on a daily or weekly basis or every time a particular Self- reported checklist: List of specific set of activities or events that respondents check off as applicable Selecting and Constructing Data Collection Instruments 341 event or activity occurs. A checklist could be used, for example, to capture the times for taking malaria pills or to track the number and times of trips to a water connection. Self-reported checklists were used in a study of midwives in Indonesia (Abdallah 2002). The project was based on the theory that providers need reinforcement after training for behavior change. Participating midwives completed one self-assessment a week on specific interpersonal communication skills to increase their understanding of their own communication patterns, analyze them, and take actions to improve them. Creating a checklist, however, requires that the evaluator understand the situation very specifically. Tool 7: Expert Judgment Sometimes it makes sense to engage experts as the source of information or opinion. A panel of experts may perform a hospital review conducted as part of the accreditation process.

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The notion of accountability encompasses the recognition that economic governance and a sound public sector are central to national economic competitiveness anxiety symptoms 0f order doxepin no prescription. Markets reward countries that are able to manage and screen public expenditures; evaluation offers a tool to help governments do so anxiety tattoo discount 75mg doxepin with mastercard. This is proving to be increasingly important for countries in attracting external resources anxiety quotes tumblr buy doxepin 10mg low price, particularly given the pressures on Looking to the Future 521 international development assistance agencies to channel their assistance to countries where past development efforts have been successful anxiety episodes purchase online doxepin. Moreover, the increasing emphasis by development assistance agencies on a whole-of-government approach to development increases the premium on having countrywide measures of performance available. Developing evaluation capacity requires convincing policy makers that evaluation is helpful; it cannot be imposed on a government. It requires an information infrastructure that allows data to be routinely collected and results disseminated and used. Institutions need to believe that evaluations are not control systems but tools to improve performance and decision making. Toulemonde (1999) discusses the importance of using both incentives (carrots) and evaluation by demand (sticks). Evaluations cost money, which must be available for evaluation capacity development to occur. The second incentive is a good career path for those who choose to become evaluators. Where organizations are required to conduct evaluations, they must be given the right to ask questions. They must have full access to field data and be required to make use of the evaluation results. Professionalism of Development Evaluators Anyone can decide to take on the identity of development evaluator. There are as yet no standard competencies to be met through training or practice, no credentialing or certifying process that one needs to go through before one can call oneself a development evaluator. Managing or directing evaluation units also requires no special credentials: evaluative knowledge and experience are not prerequisites. The time-honored method of learning on the job should not be discounted; managers without formal training can grow into the job. The lack 522 the Road to Results: Designing and Conducting Effective Development Evaluations of credentialing, however, makes it difficult for purchasers of development evaluation services to identify expertise. As development evaluation demand continues to grow, we believe that increasing calls for professionalism are likely in response to poorly conceived or conducted evaluations. Establishing Core Competencies One major issue within and outside of development evaluation is whether core evaluator competencies, such as those shown in box 15. The New Zealand Evaluation Association is currently thinking of developing competencies. The Treasury Board of Canada is calling for certification for heads of the evaluation units that have been mandated for Canadian agencies. A report prepared by its Secretariat presents the results of a study to "investigate optional approaches to increase the professionalism of evaluation in the federal government" (Treasury of Board of Canada Secretariat 2005). An International Board of Standards for Training, Performance, and Instruction has developed competencies for internal staff and external consultants conducting evaluations in organizational settings (the link to this Web site is given at the end of this chapter). Many of the tasks required to establish credentialing are well under way, including the establishment of credentialing requirements, grandparenting mechanisms for those who are already practitioners, a credentialing board, and a dispute mechanism. The extensive efforts of and background work done by the Canadian Evaluation Society will provide a strong starting point. Some believe that the evaluation field will never agree on a set of competencies for evaluators, that, instead, each organization or other entity will develop competencies for evaluators specific to their business, culture, and traditions. We predict that a set of global core competencies will be developed for development evaluation. Organizations will likely have additional competencies for evaluators, specific to their business, and will customize, but they will expect the core competencies to be attained.

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