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In i t i a l l y, t h i s d o r s a l me s e n t e r i s a t h i c k b a n d o f me s o d e r m r u n n i n g c o n t i n u o u s l y f r o m the c a u d a l l i mi t o f the f o r e g u t t o the e n d o f the h i n de n tt r a l m e s e n t e e y s t s o n l y f r o m the c a u d a l V gu. Diaphragm and Thoracic Cav ity the S e p t u m t r a n s v e r s u s a t h i c k p l a t e o f me s o d e r ma l t i s s u e o c c u p y i n g the im s p a c e b e t w e e n the t h o r a c i c c a v i t y a n d the s t a l k o f the y o lik. T h i s s e p t u m d o e s n o t s e p a r a t e the t h o r a c i c a n d a b d o mi n a l c a v i t i e s c o mp l e t e l y b u t l e a v e s l a r g e o p e n i n g s,pte re c a r d i o p e r i t o n e a l c a, no n se a c h s i d e o f the hi al f o r e g u t F(i g. W h e n l u n g b u d s b e g i n t o g r o w, the y e xp a n d c a u d o l a t e r a l l y w i t h i n the p e r i c a r d i o p e r i t o n e a l c a n a gs (. Ve n t r a l a n d l a t e r a l e xp a n s i o n i s p o s t e r iP lre tu r oh e r i c a r d i a l f o l d s) o o t pe. At f i r s t, the s e f o l d s a p p e a r a s s ma l l r i d g e s p r o j e c t i n g i n t o the p r i mi t i v e u n d i v i d e d t h o r a c i c c a v i tF i g. F i n a l l y, the y f u s e w i the a c h o the r a n d w i t h the r o o t o f the l u n g s, a n d the t h o r a c i c c a v i t y i s d i v i d e d i n t o the d e f pn i t iiv e r d i a l c a v ia n d t w o l e u r a l c a v i t i e s i e r ca ty p (F i g.

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The parasympathetic ganglia will stain with panneuronal markers such as peripherin (answer b) nephropathy diabetes definition order 17mg duetact amex. The type of intermediate filament protein is relatively specific for cells derived from the three embryonic germ layers diabetes mellitus book purchase 16 mg duetact. Antibodies to intermediate filament proteins have been used by pathologists to determine the origin of tumors blood glucose monitor bg-03 purchase 16mg duetact. Intermediate filament proteins have a structural role but also are involved in the anchorage of the proteins that form ion channels managing diabetes 445 order duetact discount. Desmin is found in striated and most smooth muscle, except vascular smooth muscle. Therefore, the initiation phase of protein synthesis is regulated 116 Cell Biology: Cytoplasm Answers 117 by the small subunit of the ribosome (answer d). The fundamental structure of the actin molecule is the same no matter what the function or arrangement in a cell. There is a specific organization to the Golgi stacks related to the function of specific enzymes. Histochemical stains, such as acid phosphatase and nucleoside diphosphates, show that the Golgi apparatus is topologically compartmentalized (answer a). The different types of intermediate filaments all have a similar structural pattern: nonhelical head and tail segments with a helical arrangement in the center of the intermediate filament structure. Movement is generated by motor proteins (answer a) such as myosin, dynein, and kinesin. There is a good mnemonic device for remembering the direction of movement directed by kinesin and dynein. Kinesin kicks the molecules out; dynein drags them in; also, the plus end of the microtubule is oriented toward the plasma membrane, so minus end toward nucleus. This works for fibroblasts as well as neurons, to be discussed in a later chapter. Microtubules function in organellar transport-for example, axonal transport (answer e). The purpose of drug metabolism is to make drugs more water soluble (answer c) so they can be more easily excreted from the liver through the bile. Increase in enzymatic activity following Phenobarbital ingestion catalyzes reactions that increase the solubility of various xenobiotics including toxins, alcohol, steroids, eicosanoids, carcinogens, insecticides, and other environmental pollutants. Hepatocytes adapted to metabolize one drug may develop increased capability to metabolize other drugs. The impermeability of the inner membrane to protons causes an osmotic and electrochemical gradient to develop. Mitochondria produce energy that the cell uses in transport and other energy-dependent processes. As electrons released by oxidation of substrate in the matrix flow down the respiratory chain, hydrogen ions are pumped into the intermembrane space (answer c). O-linked glycosylation occurs in the Golgi, by a mechanism involving oligosaccharide (glycosyl) transferases rather than en bloc with dolichol (answers b and c). O-linked oligosaccharides have sugar residues linked to hydroxyl groups on the side chains of serine and threonine. The diversity in oligosaccharides is produced by selective removal of glucose and mannose from the core oligosaccharide. Sulfation (answer a) and protein sorting (answer e) are carried out in the Golgi apparatus, but do not involve dolichol. Plasmalogen is a group of glycerol-based phospholipids in which the aliphatic side chains are not attached by ester linkages. They have a widespread distribution with highest concentrations in the brain, spinal cord, liver, and kidney. Energy production (answer a), exocytosis (answer c), detoxification (answer d), and the synthesis of lysosomal enzymes (answer e) would not be affected in that disease. In Zellweger syndrome, peroxisomes are empty because of the failure of the signal system that sorts protein to the peroxisome.

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